Kumagai, T. (1993). Remedial interactions as face-management: The case of Japanese and Americans. In S. Y. T. Matsuda, M. Sakurai, A. Baba (Eds.), In honor of Tokuichiro Matsuda: Papers contributed on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday (pp. 278-300). Tokyo: Iwasaki Linguistic Circle.

Compares general patterns of the remedial interaction of Japanese and Americans, focusing on the cultural meaning of the act of apology and the dynamics underlying the realized behaviors. She found that similar strategies had different implications and effects in Japanese and American interactions. Japanese emphasized restoring the relationship while Americans focused on solving the problem. The Japanese used penitent utterances, humble in nature, while Americans used explanatory utterances; the former were empathetic, the latter rational; the former self-threatening (reciprocity expected), the latter self-supporting. The examples of remedial interactions were collected from scripts of 40 Japanese TV dramas, 4 Japanese dramas and 90 American films. The corpus contained 154 Japanese and the same number of American English remedial interactions, from a larger corpus of 400 each.