Speech Acts Bibliography:
Greetings

Moriyama, T. (1999). Oreito owabi: Kankei syufukuno sisutemu toshite (‘Gratitude and apologies: A system of repair’). Kokubungaku: Kaishakuto kyouzaino kenkyu (‘Japanese Literature: Interpretation and Material development’), 44 (6), 78-82.

This article is an essay on gratitude and apology expressions in Japanese as a repair strategy in interpersonal communication. The motive for both gratitude and apologies is a psychological imbalance (or a sense of indebtedness) between the speaker and the hearer. Expressions of gratitude and apologies both attempt to adjust that imbalance. An expression of gratitude repairs the sense of imbalance accompanied by a certain benefit on the part of the speaker offered by the hearer. Apologies also repair the offense caused by the speaker. Section 1: conceptual understanding of gratitude and apologies. Section 2: analysis of various expressions of gratitude and apologies. Section 3: sumimasen as an expression of gratitude. Section 4: responses to expressions of gratitude and apologies. Section 5: phatic greeting expressions including gokuro sama, otsukare sama, omedetou.

Placencia, M. E. (1997). Address forms in Ecuadorian Spanish. Hispanic Linguistics, 9, 165-202.

This study provides a qualitative exploration of address forms (i.e., names, titles, name substitutes) in naturally-occurring telephone conversations in Ecuador. Factors that govern use of various address forms in relation to context and other social factors (e.g., age, social distance, power relationship, etc.) are discussed. The author also identifies types and placement of address forms in conversations as well as the functions they perform. Using a conversation analytical approach, the researcher examined a corpus of 78 telephone conversations that included a variety of conversations among the six permanent members of the household. Results show that in Ecuadorian Spanish a variety of address forms are used. These include first name, full name, titles and surname, title and full name, name substitutes, and address pronouns. Their use primarily occurs during openings and closings of conversations, during a preface of the reason for the call, or in situations of heightened emotion. The patterns of use depend primarily on age, distance, power relationships, sex, frequency of interaction, and the goal of the interaction. Examples and detailed explanations of each of these address forms and their contextual constraints are given.

Sullivan, P. (1979). Conversation: Saying hello and goodbye. TESOL Newsletter, 13 (1), 29.

Reports in a sampling of textbooks, dialogs did not match those collected from spontaneous speech. In seven textbooks, the most common greeting was "How are you?" (which was heard only once in 65 greetings). The researcher took a sampling of ESL textbooks. They also took a sampling of spontaneous speech of speakers by sex, place (beauty parlor, elevators, office buildings, airports, stores, TV) -- ages 18-45. Of 46 female greetings, 31 said "hi" (67%). Of 19 males, 7 said "hi" (37%). They also asked 13 native speakers about their greetings.