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Speech Acts Bibliography:
Negotiation
Bardovi-Harlig, K. & Hartford, B. S. (1993).
Learning the rules of academic talk: A longitudinal study of pragmatic
change. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15 (3),
279-304.
Reports on a longitudinal study of the acquisition
of pragmatic competence. Ten advanced adult nonnative speakers of English
were taped in two advising sessions over the course of a semester --
an early and a later session. Two speech acts, suggestions and rejections,
were analyzed according to their frequency, form, and successfulness
and compared with similar data gathered for six native speakers. The
nonnative speakers showed change toward the native speaker norms in
their ability to employ appropriate speech acts, moving toward using
more suggestions and fewer rejections, and became more successful negotiators.
However, they changed less in their ability to employ appropriate forms
of the speech acts, continuing to use fewer mitigators than the native
speakers. Furthermore, unlike native speakers, they also used aggravators.
The investigators claimed that these results may be explained by the
availability of input: learners received positive and negative feedback
from the advisor regarding the desirability and outcome of particular
speech acts, but they did not receive such feedback regarding the appropriateness
of the forms of such speech acts.
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